{"id":567,"date":"2015-02-06T15:36:38","date_gmt":"2015-02-06T15:36:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/?page_id=567"},"modified":"2017-02-22T14:16:26","modified_gmt":"2017-02-22T14:16:26","slug":"power-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/web-tool\/navigator\/decision-making\/power-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Power"},"content":{"rendered":"<section id=\"builder-section-1430925128421\" class=\"builder-section builder-section-first builder-section-text builder-section-last builder-text-columns-2\">\n<div class=\"builder-section-content\">\n<div class=\"builder-text-column builder-text-column-1\" id=\"builder-section-1430925128421-column-1\">\n<div class=\"builder-text-content\">\n<aside id=\"text-30\" class=\"widget widget_text\">\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><h1 ><strong>Power<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/aside><aside id=\"widget_sp_image-7\" class=\"widget widget_sp_image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"431\" height=\"620\" class=\"attachment-full\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/johnson-treatment-8ee35a57bd6f096f888467bfb612ea1d39fa848d-s40-e1431807867502.jpg 431w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/johnson-treatment-8ee35a57bd6f096f888467bfb612ea1d39fa848d-s40-e1431807867502-209x300.jpg 209w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/johnson-treatment-8ee35a57bd6f096f888467bfb612ea1d39fa848d-s40-e1431807867502.jpg\" \/><div class=\"widget_sp_image-description\" ><p><em>U.S. president (1963-1968) Lyndon B. Johnson demonstrating how he usually gets his way<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/aside><aside id=\"custom-menu-wizard-25\" class=\"widget widget_custom_menu_wizard\"><div class=\"menu-power-container\"><ul id=\"menu-power\" class=\"menu-widget\"><li id=\"menu-item-2170\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page cmw-level-1 menu-item-2170\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/web-tool\/navigator\/decision-making\/\">Decision Making<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-2171\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post cmw-level-1 menu-item-2171\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/2015\/02\/03\/argumentation-for-natura-2000-in-the-netherlands\/\">Argumentation for Natura 2000 in The Netherlands<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-2174\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post cmw-level-1 menu-item-2174\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/2015\/02\/01\/show-categories-2\/\">Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest CS, Poland<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-2172\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post cmw-level-1 menu-item-2172\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/2015\/02\/03\/to-kill-or-to-protect-polarising-dynamics-of-public-debate-on-foxes-and-wild-boar\/\">Foxes and wild boar CS, Flanders<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-2176\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post cmw-level-1 menu-item-2176\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/2015\/02\/01\/show-categories-1\/\">Andalusia protected areas CS, Spain<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-2175\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post cmw-level-1 menu-item-2175\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/2015\/02\/03\/arguing-for-effective-biodiversity-conservation-in-lower-danube-catchment-romania\/\">Lower Danube Catchment CS, Romania<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-2173\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post cmw-level-1 menu-item-2173\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/2015\/02\/03\/the-good-the-bad-and-the-arguments-contested-wildland-management-in-norway\/\">Large mammals CS, Norway<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/aside>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"builder-text-column builder-text-column-2\" id=\"builder-section-1430925128421-column-2\">\n<div class=\"builder-text-content\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong>Results from our case studies show that the power structure in a <span style=\"color: #286239;\"> decision making process<\/span> plays an important role in determining the outcome<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Authorities often can and will use their power to force a decision, as for instance has happened in many Natura 2000 designation cases. In <span style=\"color: #286239;\"> <strong>the Netherlands<\/strong><\/span>, for example, the Natura 2000-case study has even shown a hierarchic level of power between different levels of government. In policy development, it was mainly national government\u2019s <span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips18' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>arguments<\/span> that ruled. In the implementation of plans, it was mainly the provincial level. The local governmental level\u2019s arguments had the least influence and was lowest in the argument hierarchy.<\/p>\n<p>Also, national legislation can enhance or constrain the position of certain groups in debate. This was most obvious in the exercise of rights. In the <span style=\"color: #286239;\"> <strong>Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest CS<\/strong><\/span> the local people and authorities had a powerful tool to block conservation efforts, namely the Polish legislation from 2001 that let them veto any potential national park enlargement (i.e. increase of protection status). Furthermore, the power of state foresters was strongly supported by national legislation, imposing on them obligation to manage the forest.<\/p>\n<p>In the <span style=\"color: #286239;\"> <strong>Fox and wild boar case study in Flanders<\/strong><\/span> however, insinuations about power relations led to sharp polarisation in debate. For instance, the government was quickly criticised for being one-sided, driven by political lobbying (e.g. with the hunting association and the farmer union). Furthermore, a recurring argument was that decision-making over nature areas was undemocratic because conservationists were \u201cthe omnipotent ruler\u201d of them. Authorities are therefore only free to exercise their power as long as they (still) have public support, showing that public opinion also is a factor wielding considerable power.<\/p>\n<p>The power balance between <span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips16' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>stakeholders<\/span> strongly depends on situation. The allocation of stakeholders to powerful and vulnerable groups varied between case studies. In <span style=\"color: #286239;\"> <strong>Spain<\/strong><\/span> and <span style=\"color: #286239;\"> <strong>Romania<\/strong><\/span>, for example, the vulnerable group included local residents and workers (farmers, fishermen, forestry labourers) who had a strong dependence on provisioning services, and the key <span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips25' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>stakeholder<\/span> group included government officials and NGOs. In <span style=\"color: #286239;\"> <strong>Norway<\/strong><\/span>, however, the vulnerable group included animal welfare NGOs, with farmers and hunters being included in the group of powerful key stakeholders.<\/p>\n<p>When parties in debate have an institutional role, their arguments are often backed by institutional power.<\/p>\n<p>Finding compromises and solutions takes time; where consensus is not possible, legal arguments seem to be most effective.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips27','The variety of living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are part. See also <a href=\"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/2015\/05\/03\/biodiversity-briefs\/\">here<\/a>.'); <\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Results from our case studies show that the power structure in a decision making process plays an important role in determining the outcome. Authorities often can and will use their power to force a decision, as for instance has happened in many Natura 2000 designation cases. In the Netherlands, for example, the Natura 2000-case study &hellip;<\/p>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips27','The variety of living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are part. See also <a href=\"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/2015\/05\/03\/biodiversity-briefs\/\">here<\/a>.'); <\/script>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":253,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-builder.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-567","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/567","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=567"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/567\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2801,"href":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/567\/revisions\/2801"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=567"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}