{"id":612,"date":"2015-02-07T13:12:28","date_gmt":"2015-02-07T13:12:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/?p=612"},"modified":"2017-02-22T14:10:33","modified_gmt":"2017-02-22T14:10:33","slug":"arguments-in-actual-use","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tool-besafe.pensoft.net\/index.php\/2015\/02\/07\/arguments-in-actual-use\/","title":{"rendered":"The spectrum of arguments found in a literature review"},"content":{"rendered":"

The following overview represents the spectrum of arguments<\/span> for biodiversity<\/span> collected through an extensive review of grey (including web content) and scientific literature as well as policy texts. While the review had the capacity to identify arguments against<\/em> biodiversity (i.e. a negative stance), all items in the review database relate to arguments for biodiversity (i.e. a positive stance).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Type <\/strong><\/td>\nExplanation \/ clarification<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Recognising rights \/ values of nature itself, for itself.<\/td>\nArguments where humans argue that values exist independent of humans.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ethical, moral and religious views providing obligations to nature.<\/td>\nA requirement upon humans to look after the natural world.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Evolutionary processes should not be disrupted \/ gene pool pollution.<\/td>\nAs a process evolution is something to be safeguarded and not interfered with<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ecosystem<\/span> function \/ resilience – purpose unclear.<\/td>\nRequired for, or beneficial to, the physical, biological and chemical processes that occur in nature. Not clear if this is for the ultimate benefit<\/span> of nature or humans.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ecosystem function \/ resilience \u2013 anthropocentric.<\/td>\nRequired for, or beneficial to, the physical, biological and chemical processes that occur in nature. Author expresses that this is with a view to human dependence on, or benefit from, ecosystems<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ecosystem services<\/span> (flows leading to benefits<\/span>).<\/td>\nGeneral reference to environmental goods and services and functions of nature that contribute to human welfare.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Specific regulating and supporting services other than climate regulation.<\/td>\nReference to services and functions of nature that are regulating or supporting as defined in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.\u00a0 Examples: pollination, pest control, seed dispersal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Climate regulation service and\/or carbon sequestration.<\/td>\nReference to ways in which biodiversity influences green house gas emissions, sequestration of carbon, or reduction in the rate of human-mediated climate change.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Protection against invasive species \/ diseases in non-human life forms.<\/td>\nWays in which certain components of biodiversity, however it may be defined, afford protection against species that may not be considered desirable from a human point of view.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Social \/ cultural \/ heritage \/ collective well being and welfare.<\/td>\nBestowing benefits that are realised\/understood primarily within groups of people (communities, countries etc).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Psychological \/ spiritual \/ individual well being.<\/td>\nBestowing benefits that are realised\/understood primarily at the level of individuals.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Recreation \/ tourism.<\/td>\nEnabling or improving experiences that people do not associate with work. Includes recreational opportunities in daily life, as well as travel to see new places. Primarily about the recreation opportunity rather than the economic benefit.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Human health \/ reduction in disease risk.<\/td>\nImproving human health, reducing the risk of ill health. Distinguished from measures of well being that would traditionally not be addressed by mainstream health professions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Aesthetic value<\/span><\/span>.<\/td>\nProviding visual appeal or experience as an end point in its own right, regardless of its effect on wider psychological, spiritual or human well being.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Biophilia – the desire for relationship and contact with nature.<\/td>\nReference to the well being benefits associated with human direct interaction with other species or landscapes or other components of nature, over and above purely visual appeal, or indirect benefits.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Intellectual stimulus, education beyond protection of biodiversity.<\/td>\nProviding opportunities for education and human cognitive\/intellectual advancement (over and above any benefits on individual well being). Includes art, design, science, innovation and engineering.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Productivity in forestry \/ agriculture \/ fisheries \/ food security.<\/td>\nReference to increased yield or reduced risks in the agriculture, horticulture, forestry and fishing at whatever scale.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Other industrial dependence.<\/td>\nBiodiversity providing specific inputs into industry, other than bioprospecting or forestry \/ agriculture \/ fisheries \/ food security.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Business risk.<\/td>\nReducing risks to business performance, whether this is through natural hazards. Excludes reputational benefits (separate premise statement).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Water security.<\/td>\nProviding benefits in terms of water supply and quality. Reducing the risk of failure to meet needs for clean water. Includes reduction in water treatment costs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Energy security.<\/td>\nProviding benefits in terms of the availability of fuel.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Economic.<\/td>\nExplicit reference to micro or macroeconomic benefits. May apply to individuals, organisations or national economies.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bioprospecting.<\/td>\nWays in which nature gives rise to substances that have medicinal properties of benefit to humans. Includes the presence of genetic code that can be exploited for the production of these substances, or other healthcare innovations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Precaution \/ risk management (current generation \/ Century).<\/td>\nReducing the risk of harm caused by hazards over the next 50-100 years. Includes specific hazards or may be unspecified.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Precaution (future generations) and option value<\/span>.<\/td>\nReducing the risk of harm caused by hazards at points in the future that are not defined. Providing benefits, whatever they may be, for the future, which would be compromised if exploited now.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Employment and livelihoods.<\/td>\nSpecific reference to employment or other opportunities for income that result from the presence of biodiversity. These relate to the employment and livelihoods as a social goal beyond the economic and other benefits associated with this.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sustainable development \/ poverty alleviation \/ future generations.<\/td>\nRelating to principles of sustainable development, the global goal of reducing poverty. Arguments relating to the rights or needs of future generations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Moral, ethical or religious belief related to obligations to other people.<\/td>\nArguments relating to fair share of natural resources available at present, or in the next 50-100 years. Includes the notions of justice and equal sharing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Legal compliance \/ political necessity.<\/td>\nConformity with norms and rules to protect biodiversity is an end in its own right (regardless of broader arguments for biodiversity).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reputational benefits.<\/td>\nAssociation with conservation or restoration of biodiversity provides indirect benefits that enhance the status or perception of an individual or organisation being ‘good’.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Species conservation matters (underlying reason not mentioned).<\/td>\nStatements that suggest that species should be conserved, regardless of any instrumental or non-instrumental value<\/span> they may have.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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